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@#Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most serious complicationsand leading causes of blindness for diabetic patients. In recent years, the incidence of DR shows a trend of rising year by year, which is a serious threat to the patients' physical and mental health. Autophagy is a very important physiological process that the cellular contents are processed by the primary lysosomes when the body is under the environment of substance and energy metabolism disorder. Autophagy belongs to one kind of the body's important defense mechanisms. According to the related clinical research data, autophagy can delay the occurrence and development of the chronic complications of diabetes to some extent, such as DR, peripheral neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy. There is a close relationship between autophagy and various relative factors of DR, such as oxidative stress and hypoxia. Therefore, the pathogenesis and treatment measures of DR have become critical research topics in clinical practice.
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AIM: To investigate the effects of apelin-13 on proliferation, migration and capillary-like tube formation of a monkey choroid / retinal endothelial cell line, RF/6A, to clarify whether apelin-13 could promote retinal angiogenesis in vitro.METHODS: RF/6A cells in good conditions were administrated with DMSO (the control group), apelin-13 at 0.1μmol/L (low dose group) or apelin-13 at 1μmol/L (high dose group).Cell proliferation, migration and capillary-like tube formation were detected by using the MTT assay, scratch assay and matrigel assay, respectively, at 24h after plating the cells.RESULTS: Cell proliferation was promoted in both low and high dose apelin-13 groups compared to the control cells (P<0.05);the cell migration distance of both apelin-13 groups was significantly greater than that of the control group (P<0.05);and the number of capillary-like tube structures of both apelin-13 groups was significantly larger than that of the control cells (P<0.05).In addition, cell proliferation, migration and tube formation increased as the concentration of apelin-13 increased.CONCLUSION: Apelin-13 could obviously promote the angiogenesis capacity of RF/6A cells, suggesting that apelin-13 was an important pro-angiogenic factor in retinal endothelial cells.
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Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) ithe leading cause of vision disordecaused by variouretinal diseases.Apresent,many therapeutimethodare employed clinically,such aphotodynamitherapy (PDT),anti-vasculaendothelial growth facto(anti-VEGF) and transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT).However,none of them can cure CNV thoroughly and repeated treatmenirequired usually.The reason forecurrenCNV istill unclear.Choroidal hypoperfusion associated with Pdmay be one of the reasons.The purpose of thireview ito discusthe problem of choroidal hypoperfusion associated with PDfoCNV awell aitimpacon the eye and possible solutions.Thipapepresentevidenceof choroidal hypoperfusion aftePDand itrelationship with clinical outcomes.Meanwhile,the effecof combination therapy iassessed.Finally,low-fluence Pdirecommended apotential method to reduce choroidal hypoperfusion.
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Radiation retinopathy is a kind of retinopathy after expose to radiation sources or radiotherapy.In China,it occurs mostly after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.With the development of radiation equipment and radiotherapy technique,the target of treatment is improved and side effects decreased.However,better curative effect may bring longer surviving time and higher incidence of radiation retinopathy eventually.Radiation retinopathy is easily ignored or misdiagnosed as its fundus change is similar to that of some common retinal vascular diseases.Besides,there is no unified and standard treatment for radiation retinopathy.Thus,radiation retinopathy usually leads to incurable vision loss.Oculist and oncologist should pay close attention to this disease.This review focuses on the pathogenesis,clinical manifestation,assistant examination,diagnosis,differential diagnosis and therapeutic method for radiation retinopathy,especially the latest treatment advances in order to achieve early diagnosis and timely treatment.
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Background Exophthalmos caused by brain-related diseases will result in the serious outcome if treated improperly.It will be helpful for the diagnosis of the disease correctly when signs and symptoms are taken into consideration.Objective This study was to analyze the cause and clinical manifestations of exophthalmos due to brain-related diseases.Methods The elinical data from 38 patients with exophthalmos caused by brain-related diseases was collected and analyzed retrospectively.The sex,age,cause,exophthalmos range,symptom and sign of patients were considered. Results The gender of 38 patients was 21 males(55.26％)and 17 females(44.74％),aged from 16 to 71 years old with the average age 37.21.Four types of brain-related diseases were associated with the exophthalmos of eyeballs,including benign tumor 65.79％(25/38)containing the meningioma 60.53％(23/38),chordoma 5.26％(2/38)；malignant tumor 5.26％(2/38)containing the malignant meningioma 2.63％(1/38),choroid tong one cases of papillary carcinoma 2.63％(1/38)；carotid-cavernous fistula 26.32％(10/38)；meningoencephalocele 2.63％(1/38).Exophthaimos ranged from 18 to 35 mm in the patients with the average value of 22.17 mm.In all of the 38 patients,the right eyes were 36.84％(14/38),and left eyes were 55.26％(14/38)and bilateral eyes 7.89％(3/38).Accompanying signs and symptoms of meningioma included long-term headache (65.22％),nausea and vomiting(21.74％).declined vision(17.39％),elevated intraocular pressure,visual field shrink and loss,etc..Accompanying signs and symptoms of carotid cavernous fistula were loss of vision,pulsatile exophthalmos,noise over the orbit,ocular limitation of movement,eyelid edema(80％),bulbar conjunctival congestion,episodes of eyelid,diplopia(80％),headache(60％). Conclusion Some brain diseases are often accompanied by exophthalmos.Exophthaimos can provide useful clues to the diagnosis of brain diseases.